Biopsy
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| - | :''[[Demonstration of the mechanics of facial expression. Duchenne and an assistant faradize the mimetic muscles of "The Old Man."]]'' [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Guillaume_Duchenne_de_Boulogne_performing_facial_electrostimulus_experiments.jpg] | + | A '''biopsy''' is a [[medical test]] commonly performed by a [[surgeon]] or an [[interventional radiologist]] involving [[sampling (medicine)|sampling]] of [[Cell (biology)|cells]] or [[Biological tissue|tissue]]s for examination. It is the medical removal of tissue from a living subject to determine the presence or extent of a disease. The tissue is generally examined under a [[microscope]] by a [[pathologist]], and can also be analyzed chemically. When an entire lump or suspicious area is removed, the procedure is called an ''excisional biopsy''. When only a sample of tissue is removed with preservation of the [[histological]] architecture of the tissue’s cells, the procedure is called an ''incisional biopsy'' or ''core biopsy''. When a sample of tissue or fluid is removed with a needle in such a way that cells are removed without preserving the histological architecture of the tissue cells, the procedure is called a [[needle aspiration biopsy]]. |
| - | + | ==See also== | |
| - | '''Guillaume-Benjamin-Amand Duchenne (de Boulogne)''' (born September 17, 1806 in [[Boulogne-sur-Mer]]; died September 15, 1875 in [[Paris]]) was a [[French language|French]] [[neurologist]] who revived [[Luigi Galvani|Galvani's]] research and greatly advanced the science of [[electrophysiology]]. The era of modern [[neurology]] progressed from Duchenne's understanding of the conductivity of neural pathways, his revelations of the effect of lesions on these structures and his diagnostic innovations including deep tissue biopsy, nerve conduction tests ([[Nerve conduction study|NCS]]), and clinical photography. | + | * [[Interventional radiology]] |
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| - | The biographer Joseph Collins wrote of Duchenne that he found neurology, "a sprawling infant of unknown parentage which he succored to a lusty youth" and although it is [[Jean-Martin Charcot]] who many medical historians hold as the father of modern neurology, Charcot owed much to Duchennne, acknowledging him as, "''mon maître''." Duchenne's greatest contributions were made in the myopathies that immortalize his name, [[Duchenne muscular dystrophy|Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy]], [[Progressive muscular atrophy|Duchenne-Aran spinal muscular atrophy]], [[Erb's palsy|Duchenne-Erb paralysis]], Duchenne's disease ([[Tabes dorsalis]]), and Duchenne's paralysis ([[Progressive bulbar palsy]]). He was the first clinician to practise muscle [[biopsy]], the harvesting of ''[[in vivo]]'' tissue samples with an invention he called, "''l'emporte-pièce''" (Duchenne's trocar). <!--This device has been described as Duchenne's miniature harpoon, an expression that hearkens to his parentage by the sea--> In 1855 he established the science of [[electrotherapy]] with a textbook titled, ''De l'electrisation localisée et de son application à la physiologie, à la pathologie et à la thérapeutique.'' A companion atlas to this work titled, ''Album de photographies pathologiques'', was the first neurology text illustrated by photographs. His monograph, ''[[Mécanisme de la physionomie humaine]]'' –also illustrated prominently by Duchenne's photographs–was the first study on the physiology of emotion and was seminal to Darwin's later work. | + | |
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| - | Duchenne's contemporaries appended "''de Boulogne''" to his name to avoid confusion with the like-sounding<!--better than the word homophonic in this case--> name of Edouard Adolphe Duchesne (1804–1869), a popular society physician. <!--The epitaph developed into an honorific, but at first it was used somewhat derisively as though to say, "who is this clown from the provinces, from Boulogne no less?"--> | + | |
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| - | <!--Guillaume-Benjamin-Amand Duchenne (de Boulogne) (1806-75), who, as Collins says, found neurology ''a sprawling infant of unknown parentage which he succored to a lusty youth." was descended from a long line of seafaring people at Boulogne, and it was an inborn love of science which prevented him from complying with his father's wish that he should become a sailor. (This is a quote from Fielding Garrison, "An Introduction to the History of Medicine" who is quoting Collins's biography of Duchenne. Someone with a copy of Collins should get the original quote.)--> | + | |
| - | ==Duchenne's Influence== | + | |
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| - | [[Charles Darwin|Darwin's]] ''[[The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals]]'', written, in part, as a refutation of Sir [[Charles Bell]]'s religiously doctrinaire [[physiognomy]], was published in 1872. This book further elaborated on Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, visualising the human body as a pathway for genetically determined expressions deriving from purposeful animal actions. Darwin's text carried illustrations drawn from Duchenne's photographs. It is noteworthy, also, that Darwin lent his copy of Duchenne's book to the British psychiatrist [[James Crichton-Browne]] in 1869, that Crichton-Browne seems to have lost the book for a year or so (in the West Riding lunatic asylum in Wakefield, Yorkshire) and that Crichton-Browne invited Sir [[David Ferrier]] to his asylum laboratory in 1872 to undertake experiments involving the electrical stimulation of motor centres in the brain. | + | |
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| - | Duchenne's most famous student was [[Jean-Martin Charcot]], who became director of the insane [[History of psychiatric institutions|asylum]] at [[Salpêtrière]] during 1862. He adopted Duchenne's procedure of photographic experiments and also believed that it was possible to attain the "truth" through direct observation. He even named an examination room at the asylum after his teacher. Like Duchenne, Charcot sought to chart the gestures and expressions of his patients, believing them to be subject to absolute, mechanistic laws. However, unlike Duchenne, who restricted his experiments to the realm of the sane, Charcot was interested almost exclusively in photographing the expressions of traumatized patients. He is also known for enabling the public to bear witness to these passions, establishing his renowned weekly "theatre of the passions" for the high society of the day to witness the expressions of the insane. [[Sigmund Freud]], who attended Charcot's clinical demonstrations, constructed his life-work, ''[[psychoanalysis]]'', through a demolition of Charcot's neurological theory of [[hysteria]]. | + | |
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A biopsy is a medical test commonly performed by a surgeon or an interventional radiologist involving sampling of cells or tissues for examination. It is the medical removal of tissue from a living subject to determine the presence or extent of a disease. The tissue is generally examined under a microscope by a pathologist, and can also be analyzed chemically. When an entire lump or suspicious area is removed, the procedure is called an excisional biopsy. When only a sample of tissue is removed with preservation of the histological architecture of the tissue’s cells, the procedure is called an incisional biopsy or core biopsy. When a sample of tissue or fluid is removed with a needle in such a way that cells are removed without preserving the histological architecture of the tissue cells, the procedure is called a needle aspiration biopsy.
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