August 12  

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== Art and culture == == Art and culture ==
*[[30 BC]] - [[Cleopatra VII of Egypt|Cleopatra]] commits suicide after her defeat and Mark Antony's defeat at the battle of Actium. *[[30 BC]] - [[Cleopatra VII of Egypt|Cleopatra]] commits suicide after her defeat and Mark Antony's defeat at the battle of Actium.
-*[[1099]] - [[First Crusade]]: [[Battle of Ascalon]] - Crusaders under the command of [[Godfrey of Bouillon]] defeat [[Fatimid]] forces under [[Al-Afdal Shahanshah]]. Considered the last engagement of the First Crusade. 
-*[[1121]] - [[Battle of Didgori]]: The [[Georgia (country)|Georgian]] army under King [[David the Builder]] won a decisive victory over the famous [[Seljuk Turks|Seljuk]] commander [[Ilghazi]]. 
-*[[1164]] - [[Battle of Harim]]: [[Nur ad-Din]] defeats the [[Crusade]]r armies of the [[County of Tripoli]] and the [[Principality of Antioch]]. 
-*[[1281]] - The fleet of [[Qubilai Khan]] is destroyed by a typhoon while approaching [[Japan]]. 
-*[[1323]] - [[Treaty of Nöteborg]] - [[Sweden]] and [[Novgorod]] ([[Russia]]) regulates the border for the first time. 
-*[[1332]] - [[Wars of Scottish Independence]]: [[Battle of Dupplin Moor]] - Scots under [[Domhnall II, Earl of Mar]] routed by [[Edward Balliol]]. 
-*[[1480]] - [[Battle of Otranto]] - Ottoman troops behead 800 Christians for refusing to convert to Islam. 
-*[[1499]] - First act of the [[Battle of Zonchio]] between [[Republic of Venice|Venetian]] and [[Ottoman Turks|Ottoman]] fleets. 
-*[[1676]] - [[Praying Indian]] [[John Alderman]] shot and killed [[Metacomet]] the [[Wampanoag]] war chief, ending [[King Philip's War]]. 
-*[[1687]] - [[Charles V, Duke of Lorraine|Charles of Lorraine]] defeats the [[Ottomans]] at the [[Battle of Mohács (1687)|Battle of Mohács]]. 
-*[[1793]] - The Rhône department was created when the former ''département'' of [[Rhône-et-Loire]] was split into two departments: Rhône and [[Loire]] ('''''Lêre'''''). 
-*[[1806]] - [[Santiago de Liniers]] re-takes the city of [[Buenos Aires]] after the [[British invasions of the Río de la Plata|first British invasion]]. 
-*[[1833]] - [[Chicago]] was founded. 
-*[[1851]] - [[Isaac Singer]] granted a patent for his [[sewing machine]]. 
-*[[1877]] - [[Asaph Hall]] discovers [[Deimos (moon)|Deimos]]. 
-*[[1883]] - The last [[quagga]] dies at the [[Artis Magistra zoo]] in [[Amsterdam]]. 
-*[[1898]] - Armistice ends the [[Spanish-American War]]. 
-* 1898 - The [[flag of Hawaii|Hawaiian flag]] is lowered from [[Iolani Palace]] in an elaborate annexation ceremony and replaced with the American flag to signify the transfer of sovereignty from the [[Republic of Hawaii|Republic of Hawai`i]] to the [[United States]]. 
-*[[1908]] - First [[Ford Model T|Model T]] [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] built. 
-*[[1914]] - [[World War I]] - Britain declares war on [[Austria-Hungary]]; British Empire countries automatically included. 
-*[[1925]] - The first cast of [[Alpha Psi Omega]], drawn from The Masquers of Fairmont College, [[West Virginia]], was initiated. 
-*[[1943]] - Alleged date of the first [[Philadelphia Experiment]] test on [[United States Navy]] ship [[USS Eldridge|USS ''Eldridge'']]. 
-*[[1944]] - [[Waffen SS]] troops massacre more than 500 civil people in [[Sant'Anna di Stazzema]]. 
-* 1944 - [[Alençon]] liberated by [[General Leclerc]], the first city in France to be liberated from the [[Nazis]] by the Allied forces. 
-*[[1952]] - The [[Night of the Murdered Poets]] - Thirteen most prominent Jewish intellectuals were murdered in Moscow.  
-*[[1953]] - [[Nuclear testing]]: The [[Soviet atomic bomb project]] proceeded with the detonation of ''[[Joe 4]]'', the first [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[thermonuclear weapon]]. 
-*[[1960]] - ''[[Echo satellite|Echo I]]'', the first [[communications satellite]], launched 
-*[[1964]] - [[South Africa]] is banned from the [[Olympic Games]] due to its racist policy. 
-* 1964 - [[Charlie Wilson]], one of the [[Great Train Robbery (1963)|Great Train Robbers]] escapes from [[Birmingham (HM Prison)|Winson Green Prison]] in [[Birmingham]], [[England]]. 
-*[[1966]] - [[Massacre of Braybrook Street]] as three policemen are shot dead in East Acton, London. 
-* 1966 - [[John Lennon]] apologizes at a news conference in [[Chicago]] for remarking "[[the Beatles]] are more popular than Jesus." 
-*[[1969]] - [[Battle of the Bogside]], Catholic community of [[Derry]] engage in two-day battle with the [[Royal Ulster Constabulary]] 
-*[[1972]] - The last American combat ground troops leave Vietnam. 
-*[[1974]] - The Canadian rock band trio Rush, releases their debut album, Rush. 
-*[[1977]] - The first free flight of the [[Space Shuttle Enterprise]]. 
-*[[1978]] - [[Japan]] and the [[People's Republic of China]] sign the [[Treaty of Peace and Friendship between Japan and the People's Republic of China]]. 
-*[[1980]] - Signing of the [[1980 Montevideo Treaty|Montevideo Treaty]], which established the [[Latin American Integration Association]]. 
-*[[1981]] - Release of the [[IBM]] PC or [[Personal Computer]] 
-*[[1982]] - [[Mexico]] announces it is unable to pay its enormous external debt, marking the beginning of a debt crisis that spread to all of [[Latin America]] and the [[Third World]]. 
-*[[1985]] - [[Japan Airlines Flight 123]], a [[Boeing 747]] jumbo jet, crashes into Mount Ogura in [[Gunma Prefecture]], [[Japan]], killing 520 in the world's worst single-plane air disaster. Four people miraculously survive. 
-*[[1986]] - [[Paul Simon]] releases his landmark ''[[Graceland (album)|Graceland]]'' album. 
-*[[1990]] - ''[[Field Museum of Natural History#Sue the Dinosaur|Sue]]'', the most complete [[skeleton]] of a ''[[Tyrannosaurus rex]]'', is discovered near [[Faith, South Dakota|Faith]], [[South Dakota]]. 
-*[[1992]] - Canada, Mexico, and the United States announce completion of negotiations for the [[North American Free Trade Agreement]] (NAFTA).  
-*[[1994]] - [[Major League Baseball]] players go on [[1994 Major League Baseball strike|strike]]. The work stoppage forces the cancellation of the [[1994 World Series]]. 
-*[[1998]] - Swiss banks agree to pay $1.25 billion as restitution to [[Holocaust]] survivors to settle claims for their assets. 
-*[[2000]] - The [[Oscar class submarine]] [[Russian submarine Kursk|K-141 ''Kursk'']] of the [[Russian Navy]] [[Russian submarine Kursk explosion|exploded and sank]] in the [[Barents Sea]] during a [[War exercise|military exercise]].  
-*[[2004]] - [[New Jersey]] Gov. [[James McGreevey]] comes out publicly as a gay man. 
-*[[2005]] - [[Sri Lanka]]'s foreign minister, [[Lakshman Kadirgamar]], is fatally shot by a sniper at his home. 
-* 2005 - An F2 tornado strikes the coal mining town of [[Wright, Wyoming]], destroying nearly 100 homes and killing two people. 
-* 2005 - [[2005 Maldives civil unrest|Civil unrest]] provoked in the [[Maldives]] 
-* 2005 - An F1 [[tornado]] strikes [[Glen Cove, New York]], a rare event on [[Long Island]] 
-* [[2007]] - [[Bulk carrier]] [[M/V New Flame]] collides with [[Petroleum tanker|oil tanker]] ''Torm Gertrud'' at the southernmost tip of [[Gibraltar]], ending up partially submerged. 
==Births== ==Births==

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