Arabic  

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-The [[Renaissance of the 12th century]] saw a major search by [[Europe]]an scholars for new learning, which led them to the [[Arabic language|Arabic]] fringes of Europe, especially to [[Al-Andalus|Islamic Spain]] and [[History of Islam in southern Italy|Sicily]]. +The earliest surviving texts in [[proto-language|Proto]]-Arabic, or [[Ancient North Arabian]], are the [[Al-Hasa|Hasaean]] inscriptions of eastern Saudi Arabia, from the 8th century BC, written not in the modern Arabic alphabet, nor in its [[Nabataean]] ancestor, but in variants of the [[epigraphic]] South Arabian ''[[South Arabian alphabet|musnad]]''. These are followed by 6th-century BC [[Lihyanite]] texts from southeastern Saudi Arabia and the [[Thamudic]] texts found throughout Arabia and the [[Sinai]], and not actually connected with [[Thamud]]. Later come the [[Safaitic]] inscriptions beginning in the 1st century BC, and the many Arabic personal names attested in [[Nabataean]] inscriptions (which are, however, written in Aramaic). From about the 2nd century BC, a few inscriptions from [[Qaryat al-Faw]] (near [[Sulayyil]]) reveal a dialect which is no longer considered "Proto-Arabic", but Pre-Classical Arabic.
 +By the fourth century AD, the Arab kingdoms of the [[Lakhmids]] in southern [[Iraq]], the [[Ghassanids]] in southern [[Syria]] the [[Kindite]] Kingdom emerged in Central Arabia. Their courts were responsible for some notable examples of pre-Islamic Arabic poetry, and for some of the few surviving [[pre-Islamic Arabic inscriptions]] in the Arabic alphabet.
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The earliest surviving texts in Proto-Arabic, or Ancient North Arabian, are the Hasaean inscriptions of eastern Saudi Arabia, from the 8th century BC, written not in the modern Arabic alphabet, nor in its Nabataean ancestor, but in variants of the epigraphic South Arabian musnad. These are followed by 6th-century BC Lihyanite texts from southeastern Saudi Arabia and the Thamudic texts found throughout Arabia and the Sinai, and not actually connected with Thamud. Later come the Safaitic inscriptions beginning in the 1st century BC, and the many Arabic personal names attested in Nabataean inscriptions (which are, however, written in Aramaic). From about the 2nd century BC, a few inscriptions from Qaryat al-Faw (near Sulayyil) reveal a dialect which is no longer considered "Proto-Arabic", but Pre-Classical Arabic. By the fourth century AD, the Arab kingdoms of the Lakhmids in southern Iraq, the Ghassanids in southern Syria the Kindite Kingdom emerged in Central Arabia. Their courts were responsible for some notable examples of pre-Islamic Arabic poetry, and for some of the few surviving pre-Islamic Arabic inscriptions in the Arabic alphabet.



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