Apostolic poverty
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| + | '''Apostolic poverty''' is a Christian [[doctrine]] professed in the thirteenth century by the newly formed religious [[religious order|orders]], known as the [[mendicant order]]s, in direct response to calls for reform in the [[Roman Catholic Church]]. In this, these orders attempted to live their lives without ownership of lands or accumulation of money, following the precepts given to the [[seventy disciples]] in the [[Gospel of Luke]] (10:1-24), and succeeding to varying degrees. The ascetic [[Pope Paschal II]]'s solution of the [[Investiture Controversy]] in his radical Concordat of 1111 with the Emperor, repudiated by the cardinals, was that the ecclesiastics of Germany should surrender to the imperial crown their [[fief]]s and secular offices. | ||
| - | The '''Waldensians''' (also known variously as '''Waldenses''', '''Vallenses''', '''Valdesi''' or '''Vaudois''') are a [[Christian movement]] and religious cultural group which appeared first in [[Lyon]] and spread to the [[Cottian Alps]] in the late 1170s. Today, the Waldensian movement is centered on [[Piedmont]] in [[northern Italy]], while small communities are also found in [[southern Italy]], [[Argentina]], [[Germany]], the [[United States]], and [[Uruguay]]. | + | The provocative doctrine was a challenge to the wealth of the church and the concerns about ensuing corruption it brought: rejected by the hierarchy of the Church, it found sympathetic audiences among the disaffected poor of the 12th, 13th, and 14th centuries. |
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| - | The movement originated in the late twelfth century as the ''Poor Men of Lyons'', a band organized by [[Peter Waldo]], a wealthy merchant who gave away his property around 1173, preaching [[apostolic poverty]] as the way to [[perfection]]. Waldensian teachings quickly came into conflict with the [[Roman Catholic Church]]. By 1215, the Waldensians were declared [[heresy|heretical]] and subject to intense persecution; the group was nearly annihilated in the seventeenth century and were confronted with organized and generalized discrimination in the centuries that followed. | + | |
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| - | During the sixteenth century, Waldensian leaders embraced the [[Protestant Reformation]] and joined various local Protestant regional entities. As early as 1631, Protestant scholars–and Waldensian theologians themselves–began to regard the Waldensians as early forerunners of the Reformation who had maintained the apostolic faith in the face of Catholic oppression. Modern Waldensians share core tenets with Reformed Protestants, for example, including the [[priesthood of all believers]], [[congregational polity]], and a "low" view of certain [[sacrament]]s such as the [[Eucharist|Lord's Supper]] and [[Baptism]]. They are members of the ''Leuenberger Konkordie'' ([[Community of Protestant Churches in Europe]]) and its affiliates world wide. | + | |
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| - | Congregations continue to be active in Europe, South America, and North America, most of them under the label of the [[Waldensian Evangelical Church]], but also within various German [[Landeskirche]]n. Organizations such as the [[American Waldensian Society]] maintain the history of this movement and declare they take as their mission "proclaiming the Christian Gospel, serving the marginalized, promoting [[social justice]], fostering [[inter-religious]] work, and advocating respect for religious diversity and freedom of conscience." | + | |
| - | == See also == | + | |
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| - | *[[French counterculture]] | + | |
| - | *[[Waldensian Evangelical Church]] | + | |
| - | *[[Union of Methodist and Waldensian Churches]] | + | |
| - | *[[List of Italian religious minority politicians]] | + | |
| - | *[[Henri Arnaud (pastor)|Henri Arnaud]], writer, pastor, and soldier | + | |
| - | *[[Durand of Huesca]], early follower of [[Peter Waldo]] (later re-converted to Catholicism) | + | |
| - | *''Ludovico Vuličević'' (1839-1916) writer, Evangelist preacher (Waldesian Church), and philosopher (Time). | + | |
| - | *[[Frederick Henry Snow Pendleton]], Anglican protector in South America | + | |
| + | The doctrine of apostolic poverty was condemned as [[heresy]] in 1323, but it continued to be a source of debate. The cultural context of [[Umberto Eco]]'s ''[[The Name of the Rose]]'' set in 1327 is the [[Franciscan#Renewed_controversy_on_the_question_of_poverty|renewed controversy on the question]] and the persecution of radical Franciscans. | ||
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Apostolic poverty is a Christian doctrine professed in the thirteenth century by the newly formed religious orders, known as the mendicant orders, in direct response to calls for reform in the Roman Catholic Church. In this, these orders attempted to live their lives without ownership of lands or accumulation of money, following the precepts given to the seventy disciples in the Gospel of Luke (10:1-24), and succeeding to varying degrees. The ascetic Pope Paschal II's solution of the Investiture Controversy in his radical Concordat of 1111 with the Emperor, repudiated by the cardinals, was that the ecclesiastics of Germany should surrender to the imperial crown their fiefs and secular offices.
The provocative doctrine was a challenge to the wealth of the church and the concerns about ensuing corruption it brought: rejected by the hierarchy of the Church, it found sympathetic audiences among the disaffected poor of the 12th, 13th, and 14th centuries.
The doctrine of apostolic poverty was condemned as heresy in 1323, but it continued to be a source of debate. The cultural context of Umberto Eco's The Name of the Rose set in 1327 is the renewed controversy on the question and the persecution of radical Franciscans.
