Addiction
From The Art and Popular Culture Encyclopedia
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| + | [[Image:Morphine.jpg|thumb|left|200px|''[[Morphine]]'' (1894) by Santiago Rusiñol]] | ||
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| + | "It takes at least three months’ shooting twice a day to get any [[Substance dependence|habit]] at all. And you don’t really know what junk sickness is until you have had several habits. It took me almost six months to get my first habit, and then the [[Drug withdrawal|withdrawal symptoms]] were mild. I think it no exaggeration to say it takes about a year and several hundred injections to make an [[addiction|addict]]." --preface to ''[[Junkie (novel)|Junkie]]'', William S. Burroughs | ||
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| + | "It has dawned on me that [[masturbation]] is the one major habit, the ‘primal addiction’ and that it is only as a substitute and replacement for it that the other addictions – for alcohol, morphine, tobacco, etc., – come into existence." ([[Freud, 1897]]:272) | ||
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| + | [[Image:L'Absinthe (1876) - Edgar Degas.jpg|thumb|right|200px|''[[L'Absinthe]]'' (1876) by Edgar Degas]] | ||
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| - | '''Addiction''' is a chronic or recurrent condition proposed to be precipitated by one or more of the following: [[genetics|genetic]], [[biology|biological]]/[[pharmacology|pharmacological]] and [[sociology|social]] factors. Addiction is characterized by the compulsive use of substances or engagement of behaviors despite clear evidence to the user of consequent [[morbidity]] and/or other harmful effects. | + | '''Addiction''' is the continued [[repetition]] of a [[behavior]] despite [[adverse]] [[consequence]]s, or a neurological impairment leading to such behaviors. |
| - | Amongst these are: | + | Addictions can include, but are not limited to, [[drug abuse]], [[sexual addiction]], [[computer addiction]] and [[gambling]]. Classic hallmarks of addiction include impaired [[control]] over [[substance]]s or [[behavior]], preoccupation with substance or behavior, continued use despite consequences, and [[denial]]. [[Habit]]s and [[pattern]]s associated with addiction are typically characterized by [[immediate gratification]] (short-term reward), coupled with delayed deleterious effects (long-term costs). |
| - | ===Novels=== | + | |
| - | *''[[Man With the Golden Arm]]'' by [[Nelson Algren]] | + | |
| - | *''[[Junky]]'' by [[William S. Burroughs]] | + | |
| - | *''[[Naked Lunch]]'' by [[William S. Burroughs]] | + | |
| - | *''[[Junk]]'' by [[Melvin Burgess]] | + | |
| - | *''[[The Basketball Diaries]]'' by [[Jim Carroll]] | + | |
| - | *''[[Trainspotting (novel)|Trainspotting]]'' by [[Irvine Welsh]] | + | |
| - | *''[[Cain's Book]]'' by [[Alexander Trocchi]] | + | |
| - | *''[[Requiem for a Dream (novel)|Requiem for a Dream]]'' by [[Hubert Selby]] | + | |
| - | ===Factual accounts=== | + | [[Physiological dependence]] occurs when the body has to adjust to the substance by incorporating the substance into its 'normal' functioning. This state creates the conditions of [[drug tolerance|tolerance]] and [[Drug withdrawal|withdrawal]]. Tolerance is the process by which the body continually adapts to the substance and requires increasingly larger amounts to achieve the original effects. Withdrawal refers to physical and psychological symptoms experienced when reducing or discontinuing a substance that the body has become dependent on. Symptoms of withdrawal generally include but are not limited to [[anxiety]], [[irritability]], intense [[craving (withdrawal)|craving]]s for the substance, [[nausea]], [[hallucinations]], [[headaches]], [[cold sweat]]s, and [[tremors]]. |
| - | *''[[The Heroin User's Handbook]]'' by [[Francis Moraes|Dr. Francis Moraes]] | + | ==Etymology== |
| - | *''[[Wir Kinder vom Bahnhof Zoo]]'' (life story of [[Christiane F.]] a teenage German addict) | + | From ''addict'' + ''-ion''; compare (Latin) ''[[addictio]]'' (“an adjudging, an award”) |
| - | *''[[Permanent Midnight]]'' by [[Jerry Stahl]] | + | |
| - | *''[[The Survival of the Coolest]]'' by [[William Pryor]] | + | |
| - | ===Films=== | + | == See also == |
| - | *''[[Sid and Nancy]]'' directed by [[Alex Cox]] | + | *[[Addictive behavior]] |
| - | *''[[Naked Lunch (movie)|Naked Lunch]]'' directed by [[David Cronenberg]] | + | *[[Addictive personality]] |
| - | *''[[Trainspotting (movie)|Trainspotting]]'' directed by [[Danny Boyle]] | + | *[[Disease model of addiction]] |
| - | *''[[Pulp Fiction]]'' directed by [[Quentin Tarantino]] | + | *[[Drugs]] |
| - | *''[[Requiem for a Dream]]'' directed by [[Darren Aronofsky]] | + | *[[Behavioral addiction]] |
| + | *[[Substance dependence]] | ||
| + | *[[Toxicomania]] | ||
| + | *[[The medical "discovery" of addiction]] | ||
| - | ===Songs=== | + | {{GFDL}} |
| - | *"I'm Waiting for the Man", "Heroin" and "Sister Ray" by [[The Velvet Underground]] | + | |
| - | *"Perfect Day" by [[Lou Reed]] | + | |
| - | *"Space Oddity", "The Bewlay Brothers" and "China Girl" by [[David Bowie]] | + | |
| - | *"Dead Flowers", "Sister Morphine" and "Monkey Man" by [[The Rolling Stones]] | + | |
| - | *"[[Golden Brown]]" by [[The Stranglers]] | + | |
| - | *"[[Aux enfants de la chance]]" and "[[My Lady Heroine]]" by [[Serge Gainsbourg]] | + | |
| - | *"[[Chinese Rocks]]" by [[Johnny Thunders]] and [[Dee Dee Ramone]] | + | |
| - | *"[[Cold Turkey]]" by [[John Lennon]] | + | |
| - | *"[[China Girl]]" by [[Iggy Pop]] | + | |
| - | *"[[The Needle and the Damage Done]]" by [[Neil Young]] | + | |
| - | *"I Believe in You" by [[Talk Talk]] | + | |
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| - | == See also == | + | |
| - | *[[Drugs]]{{GFDL}} | + | |
Current revision
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"It takes at least three months’ shooting twice a day to get any habit at all. And you don’t really know what junk sickness is until you have had several habits. It took me almost six months to get my first habit, and then the withdrawal symptoms were mild. I think it no exaggeration to say it takes about a year and several hundred injections to make an addict." --preface to Junkie, William S. Burroughs "It has dawned on me that masturbation is the one major habit, the ‘primal addiction’ and that it is only as a substitute and replacement for it that the other addictions – for alcohol, morphine, tobacco, etc., – come into existence." (Freud, 1897:272) |
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Addiction is the continued repetition of a behavior despite adverse consequences, or a neurological impairment leading to such behaviors.
Addictions can include, but are not limited to, drug abuse, sexual addiction, computer addiction and gambling. Classic hallmarks of addiction include impaired control over substances or behavior, preoccupation with substance or behavior, continued use despite consequences, and denial. Habits and patterns associated with addiction are typically characterized by immediate gratification (short-term reward), coupled with delayed deleterious effects (long-term costs).
Physiological dependence occurs when the body has to adjust to the substance by incorporating the substance into its 'normal' functioning. This state creates the conditions of tolerance and withdrawal. Tolerance is the process by which the body continually adapts to the substance and requires increasingly larger amounts to achieve the original effects. Withdrawal refers to physical and psychological symptoms experienced when reducing or discontinuing a substance that the body has become dependent on. Symptoms of withdrawal generally include but are not limited to anxiety, irritability, intense cravings for the substance, nausea, hallucinations, headaches, cold sweats, and tremors.
Etymology
From addict + -ion; compare (Latin) addictio (“an adjudging, an award”)
See also
- Addictive behavior
- Addictive personality
- Disease model of addiction
- Drugs
- Behavioral addiction
- Substance dependence
- Toxicomania
- The medical "discovery" of addiction
