Abolition of the Ottoman sultanate
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| - | The Turkish national movement, as the details explained in [[Turkish War of Independence]], formed<!-- in April 1920? --> a [[Turkish Grand National Assembly]], and secured formal recognition of the nation's independence and new borders on July 24, 1923 through the [[Treaty of Lausanne]]. The National Assembly declared Turkey a [[republic]] on October 29, 1923, and proclaimed Ankara its new capital. After over 600 years, the Ottoman Empire had officially ceased to exist. However, under Allied direction, the Sultan pledged{{when|date=July 2013}} to suppress such movements and secured an official [[fatwa]] from the [[Sheikh ul-Islam]] declaring them to be un-Islamic. But the nationalists steadily gained momentum and began to enjoy widespread support. Many sensed that the nation was ripe for revolution. In an effort to neutralize this threat, the Sultan agreed to hold elections, with the hope of placating and co-opting the nationalists. To his dismay, nationalist groups swept the polls, prompting him to again dissolve parliament in April 1920. Initially, the National Assembly<!-- established April 1920? --> seemed willing to allow a place for the Caliphate in the new regime, agreeing to the appointment of Mehmed's cousin [[Abdülmecid II]] as Caliph<!-- in Ankara? --> upon Mehmed's departure<!-- from Constantinople? --> (November 1922). But the position had been stripped of any authority, and Abdülmecid's purely ceremonial reign would be short lived. [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk|Mustafa Kemal]] had been a vocal critic of the Ottoman House and its Islamic orientation. When Abdülmecid was declared Caliph, Kemal refused to allow the traditional Ottoman ceremony to take place, bluntly declaring: | + | The Turkish national movement, as the details explained in [[Turkish War of Independence]], formed<!-- in April 1920? --> a [[Turkish Grand National Assembly]], and secured formal recognition of the nation's independence and new borders on July 24, 1923 through the [[Treaty of Lausanne]]. The National Assembly declared Turkey a [[republic]] on October 29, 1923, and proclaimed Ankara its new capital. After over 600 years, the Ottoman Empire had officially ceased to exist. However, under Allied direction, the Sultan pledged to suppress such movements and secured an official [[fatwa]] from the [[Sheikh ul-Islam]] declaring them to be un-Islamic. But the nationalists steadily gained momentum and began to enjoy widespread support. Many sensed that the nation was ripe for revolution. In an effort to neutralize this threat, the Sultan agreed to hold elections, with the hope of placating and co-opting the nationalists. To his dismay, nationalist groups swept the polls, prompting him to again dissolve parliament in April 1920. Initially, the National Assembly<!-- established April 1920? --> seemed willing to allow a place for the Caliphate in the new regime, agreeing to the appointment of Mehmed's cousin [[Abdülmecid II]] as Caliph<!-- in Ankara? --> upon Mehmed's departure<!-- from Constantinople? --> (November 1922). But the position had been stripped of any authority, and Abdülmecid's purely ceremonial reign would be short lived. [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk|Mustafa Kemal]] had been a vocal critic of the Ottoman House and its Islamic orientation. When Abdülmecid was declared Caliph, Kemal refused to allow the traditional Ottoman ceremony to take place, bluntly declaring: |
| :The Caliph has no power or position except as a nominal figurehead. | :The Caliph has no power or position except as a nominal figurehead. | ||
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The Turkish national movement, as the details explained in Turkish War of Independence, formed a Turkish Grand National Assembly, and secured formal recognition of the nation's independence and new borders on July 24, 1923 through the Treaty of Lausanne. The National Assembly declared Turkey a republic on October 29, 1923, and proclaimed Ankara its new capital. After over 600 years, the Ottoman Empire had officially ceased to exist. However, under Allied direction, the Sultan pledged to suppress such movements and secured an official fatwa from the Sheikh ul-Islam declaring them to be un-Islamic. But the nationalists steadily gained momentum and began to enjoy widespread support. Many sensed that the nation was ripe for revolution. In an effort to neutralize this threat, the Sultan agreed to hold elections, with the hope of placating and co-opting the nationalists. To his dismay, nationalist groups swept the polls, prompting him to again dissolve parliament in April 1920. Initially, the National Assembly seemed willing to allow a place for the Caliphate in the new regime, agreeing to the appointment of Mehmed's cousin Abdülmecid II as Caliph upon Mehmed's departure (November 1922). But the position had been stripped of any authority, and Abdülmecid's purely ceremonial reign would be short lived. Mustafa Kemal had been a vocal critic of the Ottoman House and its Islamic orientation. When Abdülmecid was declared Caliph, Kemal refused to allow the traditional Ottoman ceremony to take place, bluntly declaring:
- The Caliph has no power or position except as a nominal figurehead.
In response to Abdülmecid's petition for an increase in his allowance, Kemal wrote:
- Your office, the Caliphate, is nothing more than a historic relic. It has no justification for existence. It is a piece of impertinence that you should dare write to any of my secretaries!
Still, for all the power he had already wielded in Turkey, Kemal did not dare to abolish the Caliphate outright, as it still commanded a considerable degree of support from the common people. Then an event happened which was to deal a fatal blow to the Caliphate. Two Indian brothers, Maulana Mohammad Ali and Maulana Shaukat Ali, leaders of the Indian-based Khilafat Movement, distributed pamphlets calling upon the Turkish people to preserve the Ottoman Caliphate for the sake of Islam. Under Turkey's new nationalist government, however, this was construed as foreign intervention, and any form of foreign intervention was labelled an insult to Turkish sovereignty, and worse, a threat to State security. Kemal promptly seized his chance. On his initiative, the National Assembly abolished the Caliphate on March 3, 1924. Abdülmecid was sent into exile along with the remaining members of the Ottoman House, marking the official end of the Ottoman Caliphate.
