20th century  

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 +[[Image:Degenerate art exhibition in Nazi Germany.jpg|thumb|left|200px|[[Nazi Germany]] disapproved of contemporary German art movements such as [[Expressionism]] and [[Dada]] and on [[July 19]], [[1937]] it opened the [[Degenerate art]] travelling [[exhibition]] in the [[Haus der Kunst]] in [[Munich]], consisting of [[modernist]] artworks chaotically hung and accompanied by text labels deriding the art, to inflame public opinion against [[modernity]].]]
 +{| class="toccolours" style="float: left; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 2em; font-size: 85%; background:#c6dbf7; color:black; width:30em; max-width: 40%;" cellspacing="5"
 +| style="text-align: left;" |
 +"The [[20th century]] saw the large-scale exploitation of [[fossil fuel]] resources (especially [[petroleum]]), which offered large amounts of [[energy]] in an easily portable form, earning this era the nickname the [[Age of Oil]]. This development also caused widespread global [[pollution]] and long-term impact on the [[biophysical environment]] bordering on an [[Ecological collapse|ecocalypse]]." --[[Sholem Stein]]
 +<hr>
 +"It is estimated that [[motor vehicle collision]]s caused the deaths of around 60 million people during the [[20th century]], around the same as the number of [[World War II casualties]] but considerably less than the 200 million dead in what is known as the [[hemoclysm]] ([[Stalinism|Stalin]], [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]], and [[Mao Zedong |Mao]])." --Sholem Stein
 +|}
[[Image:D-Day.jpg|thumb|right|200px|''[[D-Day]]'' ([[1944]]) [[Image:D-Day.jpg|thumb|right|200px|''[[D-Day]]'' ([[1944]])
<br> <br>
<small>[[June 6]], [[1944]], the [[date]] during [[World War II]] when the [[Allies]] [[invade]]d </small>]] <small>[[June 6]], [[1944]], the [[date]] during [[World War II]] when the [[Allies]] [[invade]]d </small>]]
-[[Image:Eugene Atget.jpg|thumb|right|200px|''Rue de la Colonie'' ([[1900]]) - [[Eugène Atget]]]]+[[Image:Eugene Atget.jpg|thumb|right|200px|''[[Rue de la Colonie]]'' ([[1900]]) - [[Eugène Atget]]]]
 +[[Image:Trylon, Perisphere and Helicline (Samuel H. Gottscho).jpg|thumb|200px|The [[Trylon and Perisphere]], two [[Modernist architecture|modernistic structures]] at the [[1939 New York World's Fair|New York World's Fair of 1939-1940]]<br>
 +<small>Photo: [[Trylon, Perisphere and Helicline (Samuel H. Gottscho)]]</small>]]
[[Image:Blue Horse by Franz Marc.jpg|thumb|200px|''[[Blue Horse]]'' ([[1911]]) by [[Franz Marc]]]] [[Image:Blue Horse by Franz Marc.jpg|thumb|200px|''[[Blue Horse]]'' ([[1911]]) by [[Franz Marc]]]]
[[Image:Josephine Baker dancing the Charleston to an Art Deco-styole background.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Josephine Baker]] dancing the [[charleston]] at the [[Folies Bergère]] in Paris for ''[[La Revue nègre]]'' in [[1926]]. Notice the [[art deco]] background. <br>(Photo by Walery)]] [[Image:Josephine Baker dancing the Charleston to an Art Deco-styole background.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Josephine Baker]] dancing the [[charleston]] at the [[Folies Bergère]] in Paris for ''[[La Revue nègre]]'' in [[1926]]. Notice the [[art deco]] background. <br>(Photo by Walery)]]
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''[[Schoolkids OZ]]'' ([[1970]]) by [[anonymous]]]] ''[[Schoolkids OZ]]'' ([[1970]]) by [[anonymous]]]]
[[Image:German Autobahn 1936 1939.jpg|thumb|200px|A [[German]] [[autobahn]] in the [[1930s]]]] [[Image:German Autobahn 1936 1939.jpg|thumb|200px|A [[German]] [[autobahn]] in the [[1930s]]]]
-[[Image:Degenerate art exhibition in Nazi Germany.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Nazi Germany]] disapproved of contemporary German art movements such as [[Expressionism]] and [[Dada]] and on [[July 19]], [[1937]] it opened the [[Degenerate art]] travelling [[exhibition]] in the [[Haus der Kunst]] in [[Munich]], consisting of [[modernist]] artworks chaotically hung and accompanied by text labels deriding the art, to inflame public opinion against [[modernity]].]]+ 
{{Template}} {{Template}}
-:''[[1900s]], [[1910s]], [[1920s]], [[1930s]], [[1940s]], [[1950s]], [[1960s]], [[1970s]], [[1980s]], [[1990s]]''+The '''20th century''' is the tenth and last century of the [[2nd millennium]].
-:''[[20th century art]], [[20th century literature]], [[20th century erotica]], [[20th century culture]], [[20th century music]]''+
 +The [[British Empire|British]], [[Qing Dynasty|Chinese]], [[Russian Empire|Russian]], [[German Empire|German]], [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]], and [[Austro-Hungarian Empire|Austro-Hungarian]] empires dissolved in the first half of the century, with all but the British, French, and Japanese empires collapsing during the course of [[World War I]], and Russia transformed into [[communist]] state of [[Soviet Union]]. The [[Interwar period|inter-war years]] saw a [[Great Depression]] cause a massive disruption to the world economy. Shortly afterwards, [[World War II]] broke out, pitting the [[Allies of World War II|Allied powers]] (chiefly the [[United States]], the [[United Kingdom]] and the [[Soviet Union]]) against the [[Axis powers]] ([[Nazi Germany]], the [[Empire of Japan]], and [[Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)|Italy]]) which eventually resulted in a total victory for the Allies, at the cost of over 60 million lives and the complete devastation of many nations. Remaining colonial empires [[decolonisation|dissolved]] shortly after the war. As a means of preventing future world wars, the [[United Nations]] was formed; however, competition between the two new [[superpower]]s, the Soviet Union and the United States, resulted in the [[Cold War]], which would dominate geopolitical life for the next 45 years. The Soviet Union [[History of the Soviet Union (1985–1991)|collapsed internally in 1991]], resulting in the United States [[History of the United States (1991–present)|taking on sole superpower status]].
 +
 +The century saw a major shift in the way that vast numbers of people lived, as a result of changes in politics, [[ideology]], economics, society, culture, science, technology, and medicine. Terms like ''[[ideology]]'', ''[[world war]]'', ''[[genocide]],'' and ''[[nuclear war]]'' entered common usage. Scientific discoveries, such as the [[theory of relativity]] and [[quantum physics]], drastically changed the [[worldview]] of scientists, causing them to realize that the universe was fantastically more complex than previously believed, and dashing the hopes at the end of the 19th century that the last few details of scientific knowledge were about to be filled in. Accelerating scientific understanding, more efficient communications, and faster transportation transformed the world in those hundred years more rapidly and widely than in any previous century. It was a century that started with [[horses]], simple [[automobiles]], and [[Cargo ship|freighters]] but ended with [[luxury sedan]]s, [[cruise ship]]s, [[airliner]]s and the [[space shuttle]]. Horses, Western society's basic form of personal transportation for thousands of years, were replaced by [[automobiles]] and buses within the span of a few decades. These developments were made possible by the large-scale exploitation of [[fossil fuel]] resources (especially [[petroleum]]), which offered large amounts of energy in an easily portable form, but also caused widespread concerns about [[pollution]] and long-term impact on the [[environment (biophysical)|environment]]. Humans explored [[outer space]] for the first time, even taking their first footsteps on the [[Moon]].
 +
 +[[Mass media]], [[telecommunication]]s, and [[information technology]] (especially [[computers]], [[paperback book]]s, [[public education]], and the [[Internet]]) made the world's knowledge more widely available to people. Many people's view of the world changed significantly as they became much more aware of the struggles of others and, as such, became increasingly concerned with [[human rights]]. Advancements in [[medical technology]] also improved the welfare of many people: the life expectancy of the world increased from 35 years to 65 years. Rapid technological advancements, however, also allowed warfare to reach unprecedented levels of destruction. World War II alone killed over 60 million people, while [[nuclear weapons]] gave humankind the means to annihilate or significantly harm itself in a very short period of time. The world also became more [[monoculturalism|culturally homogenized]] than ever with developments in transportation and communications technology, [[popular music]] and other influences of Western culture, international corporations, and what was arguably a true [[economic globalization|global economy]] by the end of the century.
 +==Trends==
* Rising [[nationalism]] caused [[World War I]], the [[Great Depression]], [[fascism]] and [[nazism]], and subsequently [[World War II]], the [[German genocide]] and the [[atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki]]. * Rising [[nationalism]] caused [[World War I]], the [[Great Depression]], [[fascism]] and [[nazism]], and subsequently [[World War II]], the [[German genocide]] and the [[atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki]].
Line 34: Line 48:
* [[Sport]]s became an important part of society, becoming an activity not only for the privileged. Watching sports, later also on [[television]], became a popular activity. * [[Sport]]s became an important part of society, becoming an activity not only for the privileged. Watching sports, later also on [[television]], became a popular activity.
 +=== Culture and entertainment ===
 +:''[[20th century art]], [[20th century literature]], [[20th century erotica]], [[20th century culture]], [[20th century music]]''
 +
 +* As the century began, Paris was the artistic capital of the world, where both French and foreign writers, composers and visual artists gathered.
 +* Movies, music and the media had a major influence on fashion and trends in all aspects of life. As many movies and much music originate from the United States, American culture spread rapidly over the world.
 +* 1952 saw the glamorous [[coronation of Queen Elizabeth II]], an iconic figure of the century.
 +* [[Visual culture]] became more dominant not only in movies but in comics and television as well. During the century a new skilled understanding of narrativist imagery was developed.
 +* Computer games and internet surfing became new and popular form of entertainment during the last 25 years of the century.
 +* In literature, science fiction, [[fantasy]] (with well-developed fictional worlds, rich in detail), [[alternate history|alternative history]] fiction gained unprecedented popularity. [[Detective fiction]] gained unprecedented popularity between the two world wars.
 +* [[Argentine tango|Tango]] was created in Argentina and became extremely popular in the rest of America and Europe. [[Blues]] and [[jazz]] music became popularized during the 1910s and 1920s in the United States. Blues went on to influence [[rock and roll]] in the 1950s, which only increased in popularity with the [[British Invasion]] of the mid-to-late 1960s. Rock soon branched into many different genres, including [[Heavy metal music|heavy metal]], [[punk rock]], and [[alternative rock]] and became the dominant genre of [[popular music]]. This was challenged with the rise of [[hip hop music|hip hop]] in the 1980s and 1990s. Other genres such as [[House music|house]], [[techno]], [[reggae]], and [[soul music|soul]] all developed during the latter half of the century and went through various periods of popularity.
 +* [[Modern Dance]] is born in America as a 'rebellion' against centuries-old European ballet. [[Dancers]] and choreographers such as [[Isadora Duncan]], [[Ruth St. Denis]], [[Martha Graham]], [[Jose Limon]], [[Doris Humphrey]], [[Merce Cunningham]] and [[Paul Taylor (choreographer)|Paul Taylor]] re-defined movement, struggling to bring it back to its 'natural' roots and along with Jazz, created a solely American art form.
 +* In classical music, [[Musical composition|composition]] branched out into many completely new domains, including [[dodecaphony]], [[aleatoric music|aleatoric]] (chance) music, and [[minimalism]].
 +* Synthesizers began to be employed widely in music and crossed over into the mainstream with [[New Wave music|new wave]] music in the 1980s. [[Electronic instruments]] have been widely deployed in all manners of popular music and has led to the development of such genres as [[house music|house]], [[synthpop]], [[electronic dance music]], and [[industrial music|industrial]].
 +* The art world experienced the development of new styles and explorations such as [[expressionism]], [[Dadaism]], [[cubism]], [[de stijl]], [[abstract expressionism]] and [[surrealism]].
 +* The [[modern art]] movement revolutionized art and culture and set the stage for both [[Modernism]] and its counterpart [[postmodern art]] as well as other contemporary art practices.
 +* [[Art Nouveau]] began as the most advanced architecture and design but went unfashionable after World War I. The style was very dynamic and highly inventive, however the depression of the Great War made it difficult to keep up such a high standard.
 +* In Europe, [[modern architecture]] departed radically from the excessive decoration of the [[Victorian era]]. Streamlined forms inspired by machines became more commonplace, enabled by developments in [[building materials]] and technologies. Before World War II, many European architects moved to the United States, where modern architecture continued to develop.
 +* The automobile vastly increased the mobility of people in the Western countries in the early-to-mid-century, and in many other places by the end of the 20th century. [[Urban planning|City design]] throughout most of the West became focused on transport via car.
 +* The popularity of sport increased considerably&mdash;both as an activity for all, and as entertainment, particularly on television.
==Years== ==Years==
Line 48: Line 81:
==See also== ==See also==
 +
 +:''[[1900s]], [[1910s]], [[1920s]], [[1930s]], [[1940s]], [[1950s]], [[1960s]], [[1970s]], [[1980s]], [[1990s]]''
*[[History of subcultures in the 20th century]] *[[History of subcultures in the 20th century]]
*[[20th century art]] *[[20th century art]]

Revision as of 13:53, 24 August 2019

Nazi Germany disapproved of contemporary German art movements such as Expressionism and Dada and on July 19, 1937 it opened the Degenerate art travelling exhibition in the Haus der Kunst in Munich, consisting of modernist artworks chaotically hung and accompanied by text labels  deriding the art, to inflame public opinion against modernity.
Enlarge
Nazi Germany disapproved of contemporary German art movements such as Expressionism and Dada and on July 19, 1937 it opened the Degenerate art travelling exhibition in the Haus der Kunst in Munich, consisting of modernist artworks chaotically hung and accompanied by text labels deriding the art, to inflame public opinion against modernity.

"The 20th century saw the large-scale exploitation of fossil fuel resources (especially petroleum), which offered large amounts of energy in an easily portable form, earning this era the nickname the Age of Oil. This development also caused widespread global pollution and long-term impact on the biophysical environment bordering on an ecocalypse." --Sholem Stein


"It is estimated that motor vehicle collisions caused the deaths of around 60 million people during the 20th century, around the same as the number of World War II casualties but considerably less than the 200 million dead in what is known as the hemoclysm (Stalin, Hitler, and Mao)." --Sholem Stein

D-Day (1944)  June 6, 1944, the date during World War II when the Allies invaded
Enlarge
D-Day (1944)
June 6, 1944, the date during World War II when the Allies invaded
Josephine Baker dancing the charleston at the Folies Bergère in Paris for La Revue nègre in 1926. Notice the art deco background. (Photo by Walery)
Enlarge
Josephine Baker dancing the charleston at the Folies Bergère in Paris for La Revue nègre in 1926. Notice the art deco background.
(Photo by Walery)

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The 20th century is the tenth and last century of the 2nd millennium.

The British, Chinese, Russian, German, Ottoman, and Austro-Hungarian empires dissolved in the first half of the century, with all but the British, French, and Japanese empires collapsing during the course of World War I, and Russia transformed into communist state of Soviet Union. The inter-war years saw a Great Depression cause a massive disruption to the world economy. Shortly afterwards, World War II broke out, pitting the Allied powers (chiefly the United States, the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union) against the Axis powers (Nazi Germany, the Empire of Japan, and Italy) which eventually resulted in a total victory for the Allies, at the cost of over 60 million lives and the complete devastation of many nations. Remaining colonial empires dissolved shortly after the war. As a means of preventing future world wars, the United Nations was formed; however, competition between the two new superpowers, the Soviet Union and the United States, resulted in the Cold War, which would dominate geopolitical life for the next 45 years. The Soviet Union collapsed internally in 1991, resulting in the United States taking on sole superpower status.

The century saw a major shift in the way that vast numbers of people lived, as a result of changes in politics, ideology, economics, society, culture, science, technology, and medicine. Terms like ideology, world war, genocide, and nuclear war entered common usage. Scientific discoveries, such as the theory of relativity and quantum physics, drastically changed the worldview of scientists, causing them to realize that the universe was fantastically more complex than previously believed, and dashing the hopes at the end of the 19th century that the last few details of scientific knowledge were about to be filled in. Accelerating scientific understanding, more efficient communications, and faster transportation transformed the world in those hundred years more rapidly and widely than in any previous century. It was a century that started with horses, simple automobiles, and freighters but ended with luxury sedans, cruise ships, airliners and the space shuttle. Horses, Western society's basic form of personal transportation for thousands of years, were replaced by automobiles and buses within the span of a few decades. These developments were made possible by the large-scale exploitation of fossil fuel resources (especially petroleum), which offered large amounts of energy in an easily portable form, but also caused widespread concerns about pollution and long-term impact on the environment. Humans explored outer space for the first time, even taking their first footsteps on the Moon.

Mass media, telecommunications, and information technology (especially computers, paperback books, public education, and the Internet) made the world's knowledge more widely available to people. Many people's view of the world changed significantly as they became much more aware of the struggles of others and, as such, became increasingly concerned with human rights. Advancements in medical technology also improved the welfare of many people: the life expectancy of the world increased from 35 years to 65 years. Rapid technological advancements, however, also allowed warfare to reach unprecedented levels of destruction. World War II alone killed over 60 million people, while nuclear weapons gave humankind the means to annihilate or significantly harm itself in a very short period of time. The world also became more culturally homogenized than ever with developments in transportation and communications technology, popular music and other influences of Western culture, international corporations, and what was arguably a true global economy by the end of the century.

Contents

Trends

  • After gaining political rights in the United States and much of Europe in the first part of the century, and with the advent of new birth control techniques women became more independent throughout the century.
  • In classical music, composition branched out into many completely new domains, including dodecaphony, aleatoric and chance music, and minimalism. Electronic musical instruments were developed as well, vastly broadening the scope of sounds available to composers and performers.
  • Rock and Roll and Jazz styles of music are developed in the United States, and quickly become the dominant forms of popular music in America, and later, the world.
  • Modern architecture evolved within Europe with a radical departure from the excess decoration of the Victorian erastreamlined forms inspired by machines became more commonplace. Developments in building material technologies furthered this shift. European architects moved to the United States prior to World War II, where modern archiectural theory continued to blossom.
  • The automobile provided vastly increased transportation capabilities for the average member of Western societies in the early to mid-century, spreading even further later on. City design throughout most of the West became focused on transport via car. The car became a leading symbol of modern society, with styles of car suited to and symbolic of particular lifestyles.
  • Sports became an important part of society, becoming an activity not only for the privileged. Watching sports, later also on television, became a popular activity.

Culture and entertainment

20th century art, 20th century literature, 20th century erotica, 20th century culture, 20th century music
  • As the century began, Paris was the artistic capital of the world, where both French and foreign writers, composers and visual artists gathered.
  • Movies, music and the media had a major influence on fashion and trends in all aspects of life. As many movies and much music originate from the United States, American culture spread rapidly over the world.
  • 1952 saw the glamorous coronation of Queen Elizabeth II, an iconic figure of the century.
  • Visual culture became more dominant not only in movies but in comics and television as well. During the century a new skilled understanding of narrativist imagery was developed.
  • Computer games and internet surfing became new and popular form of entertainment during the last 25 years of the century.
  • In literature, science fiction, fantasy (with well-developed fictional worlds, rich in detail), alternative history fiction gained unprecedented popularity. Detective fiction gained unprecedented popularity between the two world wars.
  • Tango was created in Argentina and became extremely popular in the rest of America and Europe. Blues and jazz music became popularized during the 1910s and 1920s in the United States. Blues went on to influence rock and roll in the 1950s, which only increased in popularity with the British Invasion of the mid-to-late 1960s. Rock soon branched into many different genres, including heavy metal, punk rock, and alternative rock and became the dominant genre of popular music. This was challenged with the rise of hip hop in the 1980s and 1990s. Other genres such as house, techno, reggae, and soul all developed during the latter half of the century and went through various periods of popularity.
  • Modern Dance is born in America as a 'rebellion' against centuries-old European ballet. Dancers and choreographers such as Isadora Duncan, Ruth St. Denis, Martha Graham, Jose Limon, Doris Humphrey, Merce Cunningham and Paul Taylor re-defined movement, struggling to bring it back to its 'natural' roots and along with Jazz, created a solely American art form.
  • In classical music, composition branched out into many completely new domains, including dodecaphony, aleatoric (chance) music, and minimalism.
  • Synthesizers began to be employed widely in music and crossed over into the mainstream with new wave music in the 1980s. Electronic instruments have been widely deployed in all manners of popular music and has led to the development of such genres as house, synthpop, electronic dance music, and industrial.
  • The art world experienced the development of new styles and explorations such as expressionism, Dadaism, cubism, de stijl, abstract expressionism and surrealism.
  • The modern art movement revolutionized art and culture and set the stage for both Modernism and its counterpart postmodern art as well as other contemporary art practices.
  • Art Nouveau began as the most advanced architecture and design but went unfashionable after World War I. The style was very dynamic and highly inventive, however the depression of the Great War made it difficult to keep up such a high standard.
  • In Europe, modern architecture departed radically from the excessive decoration of the Victorian era. Streamlined forms inspired by machines became more commonplace, enabled by developments in building materials and technologies. Before World War II, many European architects moved to the United States, where modern architecture continued to develop.
  • The automobile vastly increased the mobility of people in the Western countries in the early-to-mid-century, and in many other places by the end of the 20th century. City design throughout most of the West became focused on transport via car.
  • The popularity of sport increased considerably—both as an activity for all, and as entertainment, particularly on television.

Years

2000 - 1999 - 1998 - 1997 - 1996 - 1995 - 1994 - 1993 - 1992 - 1991
1990 - 1989 - 1988 - 1987 - 1986 - 1985 - 1984 - 1983 - 1982 - 1981
1980 - 1979 - 1978 - 1977 - 1976 - 1975 - 1974 - 1973 - 1972 - 1971
1970 - 1969 - 1968 - 1967 - 1966 - 1965 - 1964 - 1963 - 1962 - 1961
1960 - 1959 - 1958 - 1957 - 1956 - 1955 - 1954 - 1953 - 1952 - 1951
1950 - 1949 - 1948 - 1947 - 1946 - 1945 - 1944 - 1943 - 1942 - 1941
1940 - 1939 - 1938 - 1937 - 1936 - 1935 - 1934 - 1933 - 1932 - 1931
1930 - 1929 - 1928 - 1927 - 1926 - 1925 - 1924 - 1923 - 1922 - 1921
1920 - 1919 - 1918 - 1917 - 1916 - 1915 - 1914 - 1913 - 1912 - 1911
1910 - 1909 - 1908 - 1907 - 1906 - 1905 - 1904 - 1903 - 1902 - 1901

See also

1900s, 1910s, 1920s, 1930s, 1940s, 1950s, 1960s, 1970s, 1980s, 1990s




Unless indicated otherwise, the text in this article is either based on Wikipedia article "20th century" or another language Wikipedia page thereof used under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License; or on research by Jahsonic and friends. See Art and Popular Culture's copyright notice.

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