1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight
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| - | The '''Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries''', or '''Jewish exodus from Arab countries''', was the departure, flight, expulsion, evacuation and migration of 850,000 Jews, primarily of [[Sephardi Jews|Sephardi]] and [[Mizrahi Jews|Mizrahi]] background, from [[Arab countries|Arab]] and [[Muslim countries]], mainly from 1948 to the early 1970s. The last major [[Exodus of Iran's Jews|migration wave]] took place from Iran in 1979–80, as a consequence of the Islamic Revolution. | + | The '''1948 Palestinian exodus''', also known as the '''Nakba''' ({{lang-ar|النكبة}}, ''al-Nakbah'', literally "disaster", "catastrophe", or "cataclysm"), occurred when [[Estimates of the Palestinian Refugee flight of 1948|more than 700,000]] [[Palestinians|Palestinian Arabs]] [[Causes of the 1948 Palestinian exodus|fled or were expelled from their homes]], during the [[1948 Palestine war]]. |
| + | ==See also== | ||
| + | *[[1948 Palestine war]] | ||
| + | *[[Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries]] | ||
| + | *[[1948 Palestinian exodus from Lydda and Ramle]] | ||
| + | *[[1949–56 Palestinian exodus]] | ||
| + | *[[1967 Palestinian exodus]] | ||
| + | *[[Palestinian exodus from Kuwait (Gulf War)]] | ||
| + | *[[Arab diaspora]] | ||
| + | *[[Palestinian diaspora]] | ||
| + | *[[Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–50)]] | ||
| + | *[[History of Palestine (region)#Post-Mandate]] | ||
| + | *[[List of villages depopulated during the Arab–Israeli conflict]] | ||
| + | *[[New Historians]] | ||
| + | **"[[The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine]]" | ||
| + | *[[List of Arab towns and villages depopulated during the 1948 Palestinian exodus|List of Arab towns and villages depopulated during the events]] | ||
| - | A number of small-scale Jewish exoduses began in many Middle Eastern countries early in the 20th century with the only substantial [[aliyah]] coming from Yemen and Syria. Prior to the [[Israeli Declaration of Independence|creation of Israel]] in 1948, approximately 800,000 Jews were living in lands that now make up the [[Arab world]]. Of these, just under two-thirds lived in the French and Italian-controlled [[North Africa]], 15–20% in the [[Kingdom of Iraq]], approximately 10% in the [[Kingdom of Egypt]] and approximately 7% in the [[Kingdom of Yemen]]. A further 200,000 lived in [[Pahlavi Iran]] and the [[Republic of Turkey]]. | ||
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| - | The first large-scale exoduses took place in the late 1940s and early 1950s, primarily from Iraq, Yemen and Libya. In these cases over 90% of the Jewish population left, despite the necessity of leaving their property behind. Two hundred and sixty thousand Jews from Arab countries immigrated to [[Israel]] between 1948 and 1951, accounting for 56% of the total immigration to the newly founded state. Following the establishment of the State of Israel, a plan to accommodate 600,000 immigrants over four years, doubling the existing Jewish population, was submitted by the Israeli government to the Knesset. The plan, however, encountered mixed reactions; there were those within the Jewish Agency and government who opposed promoting a large-scale emigration movement among Jews whose lives were not in danger. | ||
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| - | Later waves peaked at different times in different regions over the subsequent decades. The peak of the exodus from Egypt occurred in 1956 following the [[Suez Crisis]]. The exodus from the other North African Arab countries peaked in the 1960s. Lebanon was the only Arab country to see a temporary increase in its Jewish population during this period, due to an influx of Jews from other Arab countries, although by the mid-1970s the Jewish community of Lebanon had also dwindled. Six hundred thousand Jews from Arab and Muslim countries had reached Israel by 1972. In total, of the 900,000 Jews who left Arab and other Muslim countries, 600,000 settled in the new state of Israel, and 300,000 immigrated to France and the United States. The descendants of the Jewish immigrants from the region, known as [[Mizrahi Jews]] ("Eastern Jews") and Sephardic Jews ("Spanish Jews"), currently constitute more than half of the total population of Israel, partially as a result of their higher [[fertility rate]]. In 2009, only 26,000 Jews remained in Arab countries and Iran. | ||
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| - | The reasons for the exodus included [[wikt:push factor|push factors]], such as [[persecution]], [[antisemitism]], political instability, poverty and expulsion, together with [[wikt: pull factor|pull factors]], such as the desire to fulfill [[Zionism|Zionist]] yearnings or find a better economic status and a secure home in Europe or the Americas. The history of the exodus has been politicized, given its proposed relevance to the historical narrative of the [[Arab–Israeli conflict]].<ref name=Shenhav2>{{cite news |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hitching-a-ride-on-the-magic-carpet-1.97357 |title=Hitching a Ride on the Magic Carpet |date=15 August 2003 |accessdate=11 May 2011 |newspaper=[[Haaretz]] |first=Shenhav |last=Yehuda |authorlink=Yehuda Shenhav|quote= Any reasonable person, Zionist or non-Zionist, must acknowledge that the analogy drawn between Palestinians and Mizrahi Jews is unfounded. Palestinian refugees did not want to leave Palestine. Many Palestinian communities were destroyed in 1948, and some 700,000 Palestinians were expelled, or fled, from the borders of historic Palestine. Those who left did not do so of their own volition. In contrast, Jews from Arab lands came to this country under the initiative of the State of Israel and Jewish organizations. Some came of their own free will; others arrived against their will. Some lived comfortably and securely in Arab lands; others suffered from fear and oppression.}}</ref> When presenting the history, those who view the Jewish exodus as analogous to the [[1948 Palestinian exodus]] generally emphasize the push factors and consider those who left as refugees, while those who do not, emphasize the pull factors and consider them willing immigrants. | ||
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| - | ==See also== | ||
| - | * [[Day to mark the departure and expulsion of Jews from the Arab lands and Iran]] | ||
| - | * [[Arab Jews]], [[History of the Jews under Muslim rule]] | ||
| - | * [[Jewish population]] | ||
| - | ** [[Historical Jewish population comparisons]] | ||
| - | * [[Jews by country]] | ||
| - | * [[Jews outside Europe under Nazi occupation]] | ||
| - | * [[1948 Palestinian exodus]] | ||
| - | * [[Ma'abara]], [[Development town]], [[Refugee camp]] | ||
| - | * ''[[After Saturday Comes Sunday]]'', [[Christian emigration]], [[Muhajir (disambiguation)]] (Muslim exodus) | ||
| - | * [[Jewish refugees]], [[Palestinian refugees]], [[Sahrawi refugees]], [[Greek refugees]], [[Kurdish refugees]] | ||
| - | * [[Cicurel family]] | ||
| - | * [[Pallache family]] | ||
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Revision as of 10:21, 13 January 2018
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The 1948 Palestinian exodus, also known as the Nakba (Template:Lang-ar, al-Nakbah, literally "disaster", "catastrophe", or "cataclysm"), occurred when more than 700,000 Palestinian Arabs fled or were expelled from their homes, during the 1948 Palestine war.
See also
- 1948 Palestine war
- Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries
- 1948 Palestinian exodus from Lydda and Ramle
- 1949–56 Palestinian exodus
- 1967 Palestinian exodus
- Palestinian exodus from Kuwait (Gulf War)
- Arab diaspora
- Palestinian diaspora
- Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–50)
- History of Palestine (region)#Post-Mandate
- List of villages depopulated during the Arab–Israeli conflict
- New Historians
- List of Arab towns and villages depopulated during the events
Unless indicated otherwise, the text in this article is either based on Wikipedia article "1948 Palestinian exodus" or another language Wikipedia page thereof used under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License; or on research by Jahsonic and friends. See Art and Popular Culture's copyright notice.
