18th century
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+ | [[Image:Duck of Vaucanson.jpg|thumb|200px| | ||
+ | <small>The '''''Canard Digérateur''''', or '''[[Digesting Duck]]''', was an [[automaton]] in the form of [[duck]], created by [[Jacques de Vaucanson]] in [[1739]]. | ||
+ | Voltaire wrote that "without [...] the duck of [[Vaucanson]], you have nothing to remind you of the glory of [[France]]." (''"Sans...le canard de Vaucanson vous n'auriez rien qui fit ressouvenir de la gloire de la France."'') This is often misquoted as "Without the shitting duck, we would have nothing to remind us of the glory of France."</small>]] | ||
[[Image:Capriccio with the Colosseum (1743-44) - B. Bellotto.jpg|thumb|right|200px|''[[Capriccio]] with the [[Colosseum]]'' ([[1743]]-[[1743|44]]) - [[Bernardo Bellotto]]]] | [[Image:Capriccio with the Colosseum (1743-44) - B. Bellotto.jpg|thumb|right|200px|''[[Capriccio]] with the [[Colosseum]]'' ([[1743]]-[[1743|44]]) - [[Bernardo Bellotto]]]] | ||
[[Image:Drawing by Étienne-Louis Boullée (1728 - 1799) .jpg|thumb|right|200px|''[[Cenotaph]] for [[Newton]]'' ([[1784]]) by French architect [[Étienne-Louis Boullée]]]] | [[Image:Drawing by Étienne-Louis Boullée (1728 - 1799) .jpg|thumb|right|200px|''[[Cenotaph]] for [[Newton]]'' ([[1784]]) by French architect [[Étienne-Louis Boullée]]]] |
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The 18th century lasted from 1701 to 1800 in the Gregorian calendar, in accordance with the Anno Domini/Common Era numbering system.
However, Western historians may sometimes specifically define the 18th century otherwise for the purposes of their work. For example, the "short" 18th century may be defined as 1715–1789, denoting the period of time between the death of Louis XIV of France and the start of the French Revolution with an emphasis on directly interconnected events.
To historians who expand the century to include larger historical movements, the "long" 18th century may run from the Glorious Revolution of 1688 to the battle of Waterloo in 1815 or even later. During the 18th century, the Enlightenment culminated in the French and American revolutions. Philosophy and science increased in prominence. Philosophers were dreaming about a better age without the Christian fundamentalism of earlier centuries. This dream turned into a nightmare during the terror of Maximilien Robespierre in the early 1790s. At first, the monarchies of Europe embraced enlightenment ideals, but with the French revolution, they were on the side of the counterrevolution.
Great Britain became a major power worldwide with the defeat of France in the Americas in the 1760s and the conquest of large parts of India. However, Britain lost much of her North American colonies after the American revolution. The industrial revolution started in Britain around the 1770s. Despite its modest beginnings in the 18th century, it would radically change human society and the geology of the surface of the earth.
Contents |
Culture
- Enlightenment, an 18th century counterculture
- the roots of European exploitation
- Orientalism
- Venus in the 18th century
art
Literature
Philosophy
Architecture
Films about the 18th century
Two films about the 18th century in Europe are Ridicule (1996) and Dangerous Liaisons (1988).
Eighteenth century
- 1800 - 1799 - 1798 - 1797 - 1796 - 1795 - 1794 - 1793 - 1792 - 1791
- 1790 - 1789 - 1788 - 1787 - 1786 - 1785 - 1784 - 1783 - 1782 - 1781
- 1780 - 1779 - 1778 - 1777 - 1776 - 1775 - 1774 - 1773 - 1772 - 1771
- 1770 - 1769 - 1768 - 1767 - 1766 - 1765 - 1764 - 1763 - 1762 - 1761
- 1760 - 1759 - 1758 - 1757 - 1756 - 1755 - 1754 - 1753 - 1752 - 1751
- 1750 - 1749 - 1748 - 1747 - 1746 - 1745 - 1744 - 1743 - 1742 - 1741
- 1740 - 1739 - 1738 - 1737 - 1736 - 1735 - 1734 - 1733 - 1732 - 1731
- 1730 - 1729 - 1728 - 1727 - 1726 - 1725 - 1724 - 1723 - 1722 - 1721
- 1720 - 1719 - 1718 - 1717 - 1716 - 1715 - 1714 - 1713 - 1712 - 1711
- 1710 - 1709 - 1708 - 1707 - 1706 - 1705 - 1704 - 1703 - 1702 - 1701