Free verse
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| - | '''Free verse''' (also at times referred to as ''ver se'') is a term describing various styles of [[poetry]] that are not written using strict [[Poetic meter|meter]] or [[rhyme]], but that still are recognizable as poetry by virtue of complex patterns of one sort or another that readers will perceive to be part of a coherent whole. | + | '''Free verse''' is an open form of [[poetry]], which in its modern form arose through the French ''[[#Vers libre|vers libre]]'' form. It does not use consistent [[Metre (poetry)|meter]] patterns, [[rhyme]], or any musical pattern. It thus tends to follow the rhythm of [[natural speech]]. |
| - | ==Some types of Free Verse== | ||
| - | [[Philip Hobsbaum]] identifies three major types of free verse: | ||
| - | # free iambic verse which is an extension of the work of the [[Literature_in_English#Jacobean_literature|Jacobean]] dramatists. Practitioners of this sort of free verse include: [[T. S. Eliot]], [[Hart Crane]], and [[W. H. Auden]]. | ||
| - | # cadenced verse in the manner of [[Walt Whitman]] | ||
| - | # free verse proper, where the discrepancies and variations of meter are centre stage | ||
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| - | Cadenced verse is based on rhythmical phrases that are more irregular than those of traditional poetic meter. When it is used, it tends to follow a looser pattern than would be expected in formal verse. Free verse does away with the structuring devices of regular meter and rhyme schemes; other traditional elements of expression, such as diction and syntax may still be prominent. | ||
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| - | ==History== | ||
| - | An early usage of the term appears in 1915 in the anonymous preface to the first [[Imagist]] anthology. The main author of this preface was [[Richard Aldington]]. The preface states: "We do not insist upon 'free-verse' as the only method of writing poetry. We fight for it as for a principle of liberty." | ||
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| - | The ideal of the early practitioners of free verse was well described by [[Ezra Pound]], who wrote: "As regarding rhythm: to compose in the sequence of the musical phrase, not in sequence of a metronome." [[D. H. Lawrence]] wrote that Whitman "pruned away his clichés — perhaps his clichés of rhythm as well as of phrase" and that all one could do with free verse was "get rid of the stereotyped movements and the old hackneyed associations of sound and sense". | ||
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| - | Some poets have explained that free verse, despite its freedom, must still display some elements of form. Pound's friend [[T. S. Eliot]] wrote: "No verse is free for the man who wants to do a good job." [[Donald Hall]] goes as far as to say that "the ''form'' of free verse is as binding and as liberating as the ''form'' of a [[rondeau (poetry)|rondeau]]." | ||
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| - | Some poets think free verse too limitless. In 1922 [[Robert Bridges]] voiced his reservations in the essay '[[Humdrum and Harum-Scarum]].' [[Robert Frost]] later remarked that writing free verse was like "playing tennis without a net". | ||
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| - | ==Precursors== | ||
| - | As the name ''vers libre'' suggests, this technique of using more irregular cadences is often said to derive from the practices of 19th century French poets like ''[[Gustave Kahn]]'' and especially ''[[Jules Laforgue]]''. However, in English it can be traced back at least as far as the [[King James Bible]]. Walt Whitman, who based his verse approach on the Bible, was the major precursor for modern poets writing free verse, though they were reluctant to acknowledge his influence. | ||
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| - | Many poets of the Victorian era experimented with form. [[Christina Rossetti]], [[Coventry Patmore]], and [[T. E. Brown]] all wrote examples of unpatterned rhymed verse. [[Matthew Arnold]]'s poem ''Philomela'' contains some rhyme but is very free. Poems such as [[W. E. Henley]]'s 'Discharged' (from his ''In Hospital'' sequence), and [[Robert Louis Stevenson]]'s poems 'The Light-Keeper' and 'The Cruel Mistress' could be counted early examples of free verse. | ||
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| - | In France, free verse was occasionally used by symbolist [[Arthur Rimbaud]]. In the Netherlands, ''tachtiger'' (i.e. member of 1880s generation of innovative poets) [[Frederik van Eeden]] also employed the form at least once (in his poem ''Waterlelie'' ["water lily"] [http://4umi.com/vaneeden/waterlelie.htm]). | ||
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| - | ==References== | ||
| - | *[[G. Burns Cooper]], ''[[Mysterious Music: Rhythm and Free Verse]],'' Stanford University Press, 1998 | ||
| - | *[[Charles O. Hartman]], ''[[Free Verse: An Essay on Prosody]],'' Northwestern University Press, 1980. ISBN 0-8101-1316-3 | ||
| - | *[[Philip Hobsbaum]], ''[[Metre, Rhythm and Verse Form (book)|Metre, Rhythm and Verse Form]]'' | ||
| - | *[[H. T. Kirby-Smith]], ''[[The Origins of Free Verse]],'' University of Michigan, 1996. ISBN 0-472-08565-4. | ||
| - | *[[Timothy Steele]], ''[[Missing Measures: Modern Poetry and the Revolt Against Meter]]'', University of Arkansas Press, 1990. From about 1983 a man called Harneil from India had put poetry to a whole new level. | ||
| ==See also== | ==See also== | ||
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"With Hulme as metaphysician and Pound as impresario, the Imagists did a lot of useful pioneering work. They dealt a blow at the post-Victorian magazine poets... They livened things up a lot. They made free verse popular... And they tried to attain an exacting if narrow standard of style in poetry.'" — Backgrounds to Modern Literature (1968) by John Oliver Perry |
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Free verse is an open form of poetry, which in its modern form arose through the French vers libre form. It does not use consistent meter patterns, rhyme, or any musical pattern. It thus tends to follow the rhythm of natural speech.
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